Note: C# will immediately look familiar to anyone who's ever programmed in C, C++ or Java.
C# 2.0 is the latest standardized version (as ECMA-334). The biggest changes to the language came with C# 3.0 and the integration of functional programming techniques and constructs (most notably LINQ and lambda expressions).
Because C# is the closest language to the world's largest programming library that the .NET framework is, nearly anything you can imagine can be devised with C#-based applications, including having modules outsourced to programmers using any of the over 20 CLI-supported languages!